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新概念英语 第四册
高级精读教材。面向流利表达与深度阅读，练到脱口而出。
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共 48 节01
▾Lesson 1 · Finding fossil man
11 句
📋 核心词汇
fossil化石legend传说saga史诗；长篇故事recount叙述preserve保存migration迁徙remote遥远的ancestor祖先anthropologist人类学家archaeologist考古学家flint燧石rot腐烂decay腐烂；衰败trace痕迹💬 核心短语
read of读到；从……中读到preserve their history保存他们的历史handed down流传下来find out查明，弄清楚rotted away腐烂掉without trace无影无踪📘 语法结构
关系副词 where 引导的定语从句示例：We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）示例：They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away.so ... that 引导的结果状语从句示例：But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten.02
▾Lesson 2 · Spare that spider
12 句
📋 核心词汇
spider蜘蛛insect昆虫destroy消灭；毁坏devour吞食herd兽群fraction小部分；分数belongings财物glance一瞥engage从事；使从事authority权威；当局census普查；统计estimate估计acre英亩pitch球场💬 核心短语
if it were not for要不是因为……owe a lot to对……万分感激／归功于at a glance一眼，一瞥engaged in从事于，忙于made a census of对……进行普查not content with不满足于📘 语法结构
虚拟语气（if it were not for ...）示例：Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect eating animals.过去分词短语作后置定语示例：It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.it 作形式主语的句型（It is impossible to ...）示例：It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day.03
▾Lesson 3 · Matterhorn man
12 句
📋 核心词汇
alpinist登山运动员route路线pioneer先驱；开创者summit山顶attain到达；达到perilous危险的shudder战栗；发抖solitary唯一的；孤独的popular受欢迎的alpine高山的impoverished贫困的inn旅馆shelter庇护所invariably总是；一贯地💬 核心短语
looking for寻找go out of their way to特意地，不辞辛劳地做……cut off from与……隔绝washed down with用……冲下（食物）accustomed to习惯于tended to be往往是，倾向于📘 语法结构
the + 比较级 ..., the + 比较级 ... 结构示例：Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded.must have done 表示对过去的肯定推测示例：For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed.It is true that ... but ... 的让步结构示例：It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.04
▾Lesson 4 · Seeing hands
10 句
📋 核心词汇
detect察觉；辨别perceive感知；察觉ability能力safe保险柜bundle捆；束talent才能；天赋institute机构；研究所opaque不透明的screen屏幕；屏风elbow肘部stocking长筒袜outline轮廓sensitivity敏感性blindfold蒙住眼睛的💬 核心短语
see through看穿，看透happened to碰巧（做某事）locked away锁起来，锁藏brought to the notice of使引起……的注意make out辨认出，看清the moment一……就……（引导时间状语从句）📘 语法结构
who 引导的定语从句示例：One case concerns an 11-year-old schoolgirl Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls.被动语态（be + 过去分词）示例：Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of Ulyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic.although 引导的让步状语从句示例：It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.05
▾Lesson 5 · Youth
14 句
📋 核心词汇
youth青年；青春doubt怀疑fundamental基本原则elder长辈glorious光辉的；光荣的rub症结；困难dreary沉闷的；枯燥的commitment执着；承诺ambition野心；抱负anxious焦虑的devotion挚爱；执着origin起源；本源suburban市郊的teenager青少年💬 核心短语
talking about谈论take leave to doubt冒昧地表示怀疑get down to归结到，着手处理the rub症结，难点for one thing首先，一则an air of freedom一种自由的气息📘 语法结构
现在进行时与 always 连用表示一再发生示例：People are always talking about 'the problem of youth'.强调句型 it is ... who ...示例：If there is one -- which I take leave to doubt -- then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves.as if 引导的方式状语从句示例：It's as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures.06
▾Lesson 6 · The sporting spirit
8 句
📋 核心词汇
goodwill友好；善意inclination意愿；倾向concrete具体的contest比赛；竞赛orgy狂潮；狂欢deduce推断principle原则competitive竞争性的utmost全力；极限patriotism爱国主义prestige声望savage野蛮的；凶猛的instinct本能warfare战争💬 核心短语
if only只要；要是……就好了have no inclination to无意做……do your utmost尽最大努力pick up sides临时组队，凑成两方at any rate至少，无论如何work themselves into furies使自己变得狂怒📘 语法结构
与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句（could ... would ...）示例：I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.even if 引导的让步状语从句示例：Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.who 引导的定语从句示例：Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this.07
▾Lesson 7 · Bats
12 句
📋 核心词汇
echo-location回声定位utilitarian实用的；功利的appreciation理解；领会vicinity附近obstruction障碍物elapse消逝；（时间）过去hull船体reflect反射apparatus仪器；设备shoal鱼群herring鲱鱼cod鳕鱼emit发出squeak尖叫声💬 核心短语
serve as充当，用作turn to转向，求助于plays a strictly utilitarian role起严格的实用作用in the vicinity of在……附近in general use普遍使用steer clear of避开，绕开📘 语法结构
被动语态（will be reflected / can be calculated）示例：A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated.so + be + 主语 引起的全部倒装示例：So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships.the + 比较级 ..., the + 比较级 ... 结构示例：The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo.08
▾Lesson 8 · Trading standards
13 句
📋 核心词汇
slaughter屠宰fowl家禽regulation法规；规章tariff关税razor剃须刀approve批准；赞成dialysis透析electrocute电死；触电eliminate消除；排除summit峰会；最高点negotiator谈判代表pact协定；条约principle原则complain抱怨💬 核心短语
put sand in the wheels of给……制造障碍，阻挠in principle原则上reach a deal达成协议in time for及时赶上hard-pressed to很难（做成某事）hammer out（经反复讨论）敲定，达成📘 语法结构
强调句型 it is ... that ...示例：These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.which 引导的非限制性定语从句示例：The EU -- following fine continental traditions -- wants agreement on general principles, which could be applied to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries.被动语态（must be approved）示例：An electric razor that meets the European Union's safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States, and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU's okay before it hits the market in Europe.09
▾Lesson 9 · Royal espionage
17 句
📋 核心词汇
espionage谍报；间谍活动spy间谍minstrel吟游诗人ballad民谣；叙事诗歌conjuring魔术；戏法penetrate潜入；穿透invader入侵者discipline纪律；训练slack松弛的；懈怠的precaution防范措施raid突袭trivial微不足道的horde大军；部落deduce推断💬 核心短语
acted as充当，担任disguised as伪装成set out to动身／着手做……settled down安顿下来on the move不断移动，四处奔走faced with面对📘 语法结构
过去完成时（had + 过去分词）示例：These had settled down for the winter at Chippenham: thither Alfred went.过去分词短语作状语示例：So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy.现在分词短语作伴随状语示例：Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel.10
▾Lesson 10 · Silicon valley
12 句
📋 核心词汇
trend趋势；潮流workstation工作站chip芯片newsletter简报；通讯soar高飞；飞涨penalize惩罚；处罚customized定制的spawn产生；引发start-up新兴公司rival对手；竞争者anarchy无政府状态；混乱constitute构成；组成innovator创新者forge建立；锻造💬 核心短语
enable engineers to使工程师能够……much the way就像……一样let their imaginations soar任想象力自由驰骋a jump on优于，抢在……之前thrive on靠……兴旺／茁壮成长draw on利用，凭借📘 语法结构
that 引导的定语从句示例：Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology, notes there are now workstations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much the way and editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh.现在分词短语作伴随／结果状语示例：Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful customized chips over a weekend at the office -- spawning a new generation of garage start-ups and giving the U.S. a jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast.as 引导的时间状语从句示例：As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures.11
▾Lesson 11 · How to grow old
10 句
📋 核心词汇
oppress使…烦恼；压迫justification正当理由bitter痛苦的；苦的sorrow悲伤abject可怜的；卑贱的ignoble可鄙的；不光彩的impersonal超然的；非个人的ego自我recede消退；后退merge融合；合并universal普遍的；宇宙的boulder巨石vitality活力；生命力fear恐惧；害怕💬 核心短语
are oppressed by被……困扰，受……压抑have reason to有理由做……cheated of被剥夺bit by bit一点一点地，逐渐地merged in融入，汇入carry on继续进行📘 语法结构
who 引导的定语从句示例：The man who, in old age can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue.until 引导的时间状语从句示例：The best way to overcome it--so at least it seems to me--is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life.介词 like 表示比喻示例：An individual human existence should be like a river--small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.12
▾Lesson 12 · Banks and their customers
10 句
📋 核心词汇
lend借出；贷款repayment偿还；还款debtor债务人creditor债权人obligation义务；责任complication复杂情况obey服从；遵守instruct指示；通知specimen样本；标本signature签名forge伪造；锻造forgery伪造；伪造物facilitate使便利；促进💬 核心短语
opens a current account开立活期账户in favour of以……为收款人；支持in addition to除……之外give rise to引起，导致in respect of关于，就……而言makes no difference没有区别，无关紧要current account活期账户📘 语法结构
非限制性定语从句（介词 of + which）示例：When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person.介词 + which 引导的定语从句示例：He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's signature has been forged.强调句型 it is ... which ...示例：If this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.13
▾Lesson 13 · The search for oil
12 句
📋 核心词汇
mineral矿物的boring钻孔drill钻探；钻头derrick井架tackle滑轮组；用具haul拖，拉rotate使转动；旋转geologist地质学家cylinder圆柱；圆筒strata地层pressure压力mud泥浆；泥circulate使循环；注入gusher喷油井💬 核心短语
as much as多达；高达in diameter在直径上；直径为put up建造；架设block and tackle滑轮组by means of通过；借助under control处于控制之下📘 语法结构
被动语态（be + 过去分词）示例：The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet.现在完成时的被动语态（has been + 过去分词）示例：When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick.定语从句（which 引导）示例：This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe.14
▾Lesson 14 · The butterfly effect
12 句
📋 核心词汇
speculative推测性的butterfly蝴蝶forecaster预报员deteriorate恶化；变坏uncertainty不确定性turbulent湍流的；动荡的grid网格sensor传感器interval间隔meteorologist气象学家infinitely无限地predict预测fluctuation波动deviation偏差💬 核心短语
of the order of大约；在……数量级at one-foot intervals每隔一英尺all the way to一路直到up to直到；达到and so on等等📘 语法结构
suppose 引导的假设句示例：Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want.定语从句（that 引导）示例：At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about, tiny deviations from the average.将来完成时（will have + 过去分词）示例：By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away.15
▾Lesson 15 · Secrecy in industry
10 句
📋 核心词汇
weigh有分量；影响effectiveness有效性secrecy保密atmosphere气氛；大气inquiry调查；询问limit限制vary变化；不同fundamental基本的；根本的advantage优势；好处patent专利apply适用；申请discovery发现extent程度obtain获得💬 核心短语
weigh heavily against严重不利于in so far as就……而言；在……范围内engaged in从事于；忙于sought for寻求；寻找such and such某某；这样那样的for fear唯恐；以免📘 语法结构
“介词 + which”引导的定语从句示例：One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.such ... that 引导的结果状语从句示例：Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned.非限制性定语从句（where 引导）+ 比较级示例：This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.16
▾Lesson 16 · The modern city
10 句
📋 核心词汇
physiological生理的neglect忽视conception概念；构想maximum最大的；最大限度descendant后代；子孙regard考虑；重视dimension尺寸；维度tenant租户；房客gigantic巨大的civilized文明的banal平庸的deprive剥夺monstrous怪诞的；可怕的toxic有毒的💬 核心短语
is based on以……为基础in order that为了；以便no regard for对……毫不关心；不顾are crowded together挤在一起are deprived of被剥夺consists of由……组成📘 语法结构
定语从句（who 引导）+ 过去分词作定语示例：It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory.现在完成时的被动语态（have been + 过去分词）示例：The great cities have been built with no regard for us.while 引导的让步状语从句 + that 引导的宾语从句示例：While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life.17
▾Lesson 17 · A man-made disease
16 句
📋 核心词汇
enterprising有进取心的promiscuous混杂的；滥交的overrun蔓延；侵占susceptible易受感染的；易受影响的epidemic流行病carrier携带者；载体mosquito蚊子drastically大幅地；剧烈地manageable可控的；易处理的exterminate消灭；根除pestilence瘟疫estate庄园；地产confines范围；界限profitable有利可图的💬 核心短语
in the early days of在……的早期so that以至于；结果was susceptible to易受……影响；对……敏感get rid of除掉；摆脱all over遍布；到处regarded as被视为；被认为是📘 语法结构
定语从句（which 引导）示例：Later it was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits.it 作形式主语（It was found that ... / It became apparent that ...）示例：It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated.非限制性定语从句（which 引导）示例：Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence.18
▾Lesson 18 · Porpoises
18 句
📋 核心词汇
superstition迷信mariner水手motive动机unconscious不省人事的；无意识的curiosity好奇；好奇心scent气味；香味porpoise海豚ensue接着发生intrigue使感兴趣submit屈服；服从indignity侮辱；轻蔑snout（动物的）口鼻部oceanarium海洋馆equilibrium平衡💬 核心短语
pointed out指出out of curiosity出于好奇push ashore推上岸is intrigued with对……着迷；被……吸引for dear life拼命地；不顾死活地gives up放弃📘 语法结构
“no sooner ... than”引导的时间状语从句示例：He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoises comes along and hits him another crack.现在完成时的被动语态（has been + 过去分词）示例：Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way down to the floor of the tank.whether 引导的让步状语从句（Whether it be ...）示例：Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive.19
▾Lesson 19 · The stuff of dreams
15 句
📋 核心词汇
function功能；作用speculation猜测；推测relaxation放松tissue（生物）组织muscle肌肉brain大脑hypothesis假设electroencephalograph脑电图仪fundamental根本的；基本的psychiatrist精神病学家punctuate不时打断；加标点dream梦；做梦personality个性；人格implication含义；启示💬 核心短语
going on进行；持续in terms of就……而言；从……角度more or less或多或少；大体上concerned with与……有关；涉及dealing with处理；涉及on end连续地；不断地📘 语法结构
it 作形式主语（It is fairly clear that ...）示例：It is fairly clear that the sleeping period must have some function, and because there is so much of it the function would seem to be important.虚拟条件句的倒装（were it not for）示例：This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors.现在完成进行时（have been + 现在分词）示例：Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest.20
▾Lesson 20 · Snake poison
19 句
📋 核心词汇
mystery谜；神秘的事物saliva唾液convert转变；改变prey猎物luxury奢侈品；奢华snake蛇fierce凶猛的carnivore食肉动物vertebrate脊椎动物concoct调制；配制conversion转变；转化nerve神经viper蝰蛇poison毒液；毒药💬 核心短语
came about发生；产生was converted into被转化成lived on以……为食；靠……生活for instance例如by far远远；……得多so to speak可以说；打个比方📘 语法结构
主语从句（How ... that ... is a mystery）示例：How it came about that snakes manufactured poison is a mystery.could have + 过去分词（对过去情况的推测）示例：It was not forced upon them by the survival competition; they could have caught and lived on prey without using poison, just as the thousands of non-poisonous snakes still do.让步状语从句倒装（Be that as it may）示例：Be that as it may, the nerve poison does its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison.21
▾Lesson 21 · William S. Hart and the early ‘Western’ film
10 句
📋 核心词汇
western西部影片supreme至高的；最高的formula模式；公式protagonist主角；主人公contemporary同时代的人mythology神话；神话学vanish消失；突然不见absurdly荒谬地encroach侵占；蚕食bewilder使迷惑；使不知所措unhorse使落马；使不知所措disinherited被剥夺继承权的audience观众；听众hypocrisy虚伪；伪善💬 核心短语
nothing but仅仅；只是in short简言之；总之in conflict with与……冲突join hands携手；联合along the way一路上；沿途in the end最终📘 语法结构
强调句型（It was ... who ...）示例：It was Hart who created the basic formula of the Western film, and devised the protagonist he played in every film he made, the good-bad man, the accidental, noble outlaw, or the honest, but framed cowboy, or the sheriff made suspect by vicious gossip; in short, the individual in conflict with himself and his frontier environment.although 引导的让步状语从句示例：And although no period or place in American history has been more absurdly romanticized, myth and reality did join hands in at least one arena, the conflict between the individual and encroaching civilization.find/think it + 形容词 + 不定式（形式宾语）示例：Hart's good-bad man was always an outsider, always one of the disinherited, and if he found it necessary to shoot a sheriff or rob a bank along the way, his early audiences found it easy to understand and forgive, especially when it was Hart who, in the end, overcame the attacking Indians.22
▾Lesson 22 · Knowledge and progress
16 句
📋 核心词汇
loom隐现；显得突出manifest明显的morality道德；道德观communicate传达；交流enhance提高；促进tempo节奏；速度systematic系统的；有条理的trickle涓涓细流torrent洪流；激流account用处；价值civilization文明humanity人类；人性evil邪恶；恶spectacle景象；场面💬 核心短语
loom so large显得突出；显得重要taking place发生；进行by means of通过；借助in its turn轮到它时；依次pointed out指出at hand在近旁；即将到来📘 语法结构
as 引导的非限制性定语从句（As is so often pointed out）示例：As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.although 引导的让步状语从句示例：Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge.what 引导的主语从句示例：What is called ‘modern civilization’ is not the result of a balanced development of all man's nature, but of accumulated knowledge applied to practical life.23
▾Lesson 23 · Bird flight
12 句
📋 核心词汇
practise练习；从事albatross信天翁sustenance支撑；食物glider滑翔者；滑翔机harness利用；驾驭contrary相反的boast自夸；夸耀endow赋予；捐赠irresistible不可抗拒的propulsion推进力exhaustion精疲力尽swallow燕子adverse不利的；逆的omen预兆；征兆💬 核心短语
keep company with与……为伴；陪伴as well as以及；和……一样yield to屈服于；让位于endowed with被赋予；具有such as例如；诸如to and from往返于📘 语法结构
定语从句（that 引导）示例：The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in the line of its course, are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress.such ... that 引导的结果状语从句示例：Duck, and like them the pigeons, are endowed with steel-like muscles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird, and these will ply the short wings with such irresistible power that they can bore for long distances through an opposing gale before exhaustion follows.否定词 nor 引起的部分倒装（nor does it ...）示例：It tires not, nor does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air travelling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home, feeding its flown young as it flies, and slipping through a medium that seems to help its passage even when the wind is adverse.24
▾Lesson 24 · Beauty
10 句
📋 核心词汇
rouse唤起；激起gateway门户；入口aesthetic审美的；美学的glimpse一瞥gleam微光；闪光convey传达；表达undeniable无可否认的mood心境；情绪waken唤醒；唤起indefinable难以名状的vulgar庸俗的madden使发狂；使恼怒unutterable不可言说的significance意义；重要性💬 核心短语
the gateway to通往……的门户；……的开端catching a glimpse of瞥见point forward to预示；指向in a word总之；一言以蔽之seek to试图；设法in terms of从……角度；就……而言📘 语法结构
though 让步从句 + yet 引起的倒装（yet do they ...）示例：And, though the gleams blind and dazzle, yet do they convey a hint of beauty and serenity greater than we have known or imagined.no + 名词 + so + 形容词 + that 结构示例：There is no sky in June so blue that it does not point forward to a bluer, no sunset so beautiful that it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty, a vision which passes before it is fully glimpsed, and in passing leaves an indefinable longing and regret.否定词 nor 引起的部分倒装（nor should we ...）示例：If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp.25
▾Lesson 25 · Non-auditory effects of noise
19 句
📋 核心词汇
auditory听觉的abatement减弱，减轻discredit使丧失信誉allegation断言，指控caption说明文字，标题anecdote轶事distinguish区分slander诽谤persecute迫害psychiatric精神病学的diagnosis诊断orphanage孤儿院hazard危害，危险noise噪音💬 核心短语
regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time把……看作（是）On the other hand另一方面is likely to be discredited很可能（被……）be associated with与……联系在一起distinguish cause and effect区分因果in the case of就……而言；在……情况下📘 语法结构
被动语态（be + 过去分词）示例：the study was known as Project Anehin.it 作形式主语（it is + adj. + to do）示例：It can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an aerodrome;并列否定 neither ... nor ...示例：But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors.26
▾Lesson 26 · The past life of the earth
14 句
📋 核心词汇
preservation保存silt淤泥，泥沙remains遗骸，残迹fraction小部分decay腐烂scavenger食腐动物decompose分解crevasse冰隙，裂缝mammoth猛犸象inaccessible难以进入的palaeontological古生物学的tar沥青bog使陷入泥沼carnivore食肉动物💬 核心短语
live by feeding on something else靠……为生before decay sets in（开始并持续）降临not to mention the equally numerous small animals更不用说comes across a dead body偶然发现due to some very special circumstances由于in good condition状况良好📘 语法结构
强调句（It is ... that ...）示例：It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that traces of land animals survive, as by falling into inaccessible caves, or into an ice crevasse, like the Siberian mammoths, when the whole animal is sometimes preserved, as in a refrigerator.完全倒装（状语前置，主语后置）示例：In his mouth were the remains of fir trees--the last meal that he had before he fell into the crevasse and broke his back.让步/虚拟（whether it be ... or ...）示例：After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else, whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive, and it is only by chance that such a fate is avoided.27
▾Lesson 27 · The “Vasa”
19 句
📋 核心词汇
galleon大型帆船maiden首次的armament武器装备ferment骚动，沸腾stern船尾cherub小天使zoomorphic动物形的superstitious迷信的ordnance军械starboard右舷list倾斜squall飑ballast压舱物inrush涌入💬 核心短语
her maiden voyage处女航；首航at the start of在……开始时at the height of处于……的顶峰was intended to play意欲／旨在（做）listing to port（船）向左舷倾斜sealed the ship's fate决定了……的命运📘 语法结构
there + 动词引导的倒装（there came ...）示例：As the wind freshened there came a sudden squall and the ship made a strange movement, listing to port.非限制性定语从句（which ...）示例：In that first glorious hour, the mighty Vasa, which was intended to rule the Baltic, sank with all flags flying--in the harbour of her birth.比较级（more ... than ...）示例：she was more richly carved and ornamented than any previous ship.28
▾Lesson 28 · Patients and doctors
10 句
📋 核心词汇
sceptical怀疑的curative有疗效的remedy疗法，药物tangible切实的ointment药膏astronomical天文数字的dispose处理，打发prescribe开（药方）indisposition小病recount讲述fervently热诚地overworked工作过度的forefather祖先drug药物💬 核心短语
the same as与……相同was entirely ignorant of对……一无所知in the shape of以……的形式only too ready to provide非常愿意（做）disposing of patients处理；打发putting up for a moment with忍受📘 语法结构
否定词前置引起的部分倒装（Nor ...）示例：Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who has such faith in the bottle of medicine.同位语从句（the fact that ...）示例：This modern faith in medicines is proved by the fact that the annual drug bill of the Health Services is mounting to astronomical figures.让步状语从句（although ...）示例：This is a sceptical age, but although our faith in many of the things in which our forefathers fervently believed has weakened, our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same as theirs.29
▾Lesson 29 · The hovercraft
16 句
📋 核心词汇
hovercraft气垫船cushion气垫，垫子craft航行器jet喷气口，喷射resistance阻力sensation轰动dune沙丘span横跨plantation种植园vessel船，容器engineer工程师rail铁轨hovertrain气垫列车curtain幕，帘💬 核心短语
have had difficulty in deciding做……有困难a solution to the problem……的解决办法a good deal of大量的ride on a cushion of air在……上行驶／漂浮depends on the surface取决于caused a sensation引起轰动📘 语法结构
被动语态（be + 过去分词 + by）示例：This is done by a great number of ring-shaped air jets on the bottom of the craft.独立主格结构（..., the strangest of them being ...）示例：Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.介词 + which 引导的定语从句示例：It 'flies', therefore, but it cannot fly higher--its action depends on the surface, water or ground, over which it rides.30
▾Lesson 30 · Exploring the sea-floor
12 句
📋 核心词汇
sounding测深，水深fathom噚dredge疏浚，拖网采集cruise航行physicist物理学家submarine海底的magnitude规模，量级topography地形crust地壳tableland高原continental大陆的shelf大陆架slope斜坡sediment沉积物💬 核心短语
was confined to the two-dimensional shape局限于at the disposal of供……支配／使用worthy of the most qualified physicists值得regard the sea floor as the basic form把……看作at the foot of在……的底部in the course of在……过程中📘 语法结构
not until 强调句（it was not until ... that ...）示例：Sir James Clark Ross had obtained a sounding of over 2,400 fathoms in 1839, but it was not until 1869, when H.M.S. Porcupine was put at the disposal of the Royal Society for several cruises that a series of deep soundings was obtained in the Atlantic and the first samples were collected by dredging the bottom.完全倒装（状语前置，主语后置）示例：From the shore line, out to a distance which may be anywhere from a few miles to a few hundred miles, runs the gentle slope of the continental shelf, geologically part of the continents.定语从句（which ...）示例：The continents form rugged tablelands which stand nearly three miles above the floor of the open ocean.31
▾Lesson 31 · The sculptor speaks
18 句
📋 核心词汇
sculpture雕塑sculptor雕塑家dimension维度form-blind形盲的spatial空间的visualise想象，使形象化solid立体的，固体的hollow凹陷处，掌心perception感知accuracy准确性tadpole蝌蚪mushroom蘑菇kidney肾ladybird瓢虫💬 核心短语
depends upon the ability取决于has been described as被描述为by means of借助于as it were可以说；仿佛identifies himself with its centre of gravity与……融为一体／认同quite apart from与……完全无关；除……之外📘 语法结构
表语从句（That is why ...）示例：That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts;as if 引导的虚拟语气（as if he were ...）示例：He gets the solid shape as it were, inside his head--he thinks of it, whatever its size, as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand.让步状语从句（Though ...）示例：Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form, they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence.32
▾Lesson 32 · Galileo reborn
17 句
📋 核心词汇
controversy争议perspective视角，观点despise鄙视inclined倾斜的generalise概括undercurrent暗流sophisticated精密的，老练的sympathy同情telescopic望远镜的immortal不朽的potentiality潜力apparatus仪器，设备nebula星云culpable应受谴责的💬 核心短语
has long since settled早已in contrast相比之下above all最重要的是；首先drew his conclusions得出结论lives on继续存在；流传calls for long experience需要📘 语法结构
强调句（It is ... that ...）示例：But, in contrast, it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.比较级（more ... than ...）示例：Was the philosopher who refused to look through Galileo's telescope more culpable than those who alleged that the spiral nebulae observed with Lord Rosse's great telescope in the 1840s were scratches left by the grinder?过去分词作后置定语（hidden in ...）示例：and they provided a striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus.33
▾Lesson 33 · Education
19 句
📋 核心词汇
education教育adverse不利的enlighten启发institution机构punctuate点缀，间断tribal部落的obligation义务compulsory义务的，强制的illiterate文盲hamper妨碍juvenile青少年的delinquency犯罪，过失savannah热带草原monetary金钱的💬 核心短语
deprived of one of the greatest被剥夺Convinced of the importance of education确信；深知get along with his fellow-citizens与……相处are entitled to an equal start有权得到making a living away from home谋生is confronted with his inability面临📘 语法结构
虚拟语气（if + were ... would ...）示例：If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of 'college' imaginable.结果状语从句（so that ...）示例：it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.过去分词作状语（Convinced of ...）示例：Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back 'interest' in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders.34
▾Lesson 34 · Adolescence
13 句
📋 核心词汇
adolescence青春期adolescent青少年disloyalty不忠spiteful恶意的disillusionment幻灭infallibility一贯正确authoritarian专横的cowed被吓住的evaluation评价sincerity真诚resolve决心dignity尊严resent怨恨adequate足够的，称职的💬 核心短语
regard it as a slur把……视为accuse them of disloyalty指责某人……on the part of the adults由……一方（所为）brought this on themselves自作自受stand up to a realistic evaluation经得起face up to reality正视（现实）📘 语法结构
however 引导的让步状语从句示例：Disillusionment with the parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable.such ... that 结果状语从句示例：Most children have such a high ideal of their parents, unless the parents themselves have been unsatisfactory, that it can hardly hope to stand up to a realistic evaluation.主语从句（What ... is ...）示例：What the child cannot forgive is the parents' refusal to admit these charges if the child knows them to be true.35
▾Lesson 35 · Space odyssey
19 句
📋 核心词汇
odyssey长途冒险旅行industrial工业的hub枢纽，中心lunar月球的gravity重力orbit轨道accelerate加速dweller居民terrestrial地球的，陆地的colonise殖民，定居fascination魅力，着迷voyager航海者，旅行者sandstorm沙暴chasm深渊，裂口💬 核心短语
is likely to become很可能in the form of liquid oxygen以……的形式lies in its gravity在于passes through three phases经历dream of sending people梦想ideal for settlement非常适合于📘 语法结构
原因状语从句（Because ...）示例：Because the gravity on the Moon's surface is only a sixth of Earth's (remember how easily the Apollo astronauts bounded along), it takes much less energy to accelerate to that 1.5mps than it does on Earth.倍数与比较级表达（twice as ... as / more ... than）示例：It is a world of red sandy deserts (hence its name--the Red Planet), cloudless skies, savage sandstorms, chasms wider than the Grand Canyon and at least one mountain more than twice as tall as Everest.定语从句（the one ... that ...）示例：It is the one world in the Solar System that is most like the Earth.36
▾Lesson 36 · The cost of government
19 句
📋 核心词汇
disunited分裂的expense费用correspondingly相应地enterprise企业incur招致，承担administer管理administrative行政的overhead经常性开支analogous类似的initiative主动性sphere范围，领域dividend红利foreman工头unduly过度地💬 核心短语
hold it together使……团结；维系are analogous to the cost of government与……类似to the extent that everyone在……的程度上keep him in line使某人守规矩As administrative overheads rise, so the earnings随着……，……也……be relied on to behave依靠；信赖📘 语法结构
条件状语从句（If ...）示例：If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together.Where 引导的状语从句示例：Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.形式主语 it（it is necessary to do）示例：It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job without having another man to check upon what he is doing, keep him in line, and report on him to someone else.37
▾Lesson 37 · The process of ageing
18 句
📋 核心词汇
vigorous精力旺盛的vigour活力，精力resistance抵抗力imperceptible觉察不到的steep急剧的odds可能性，几率robust强健的self-evident不言而喻的organism生物，有机体analogous类似的rewind重新上发条friction摩擦fatal致命的decade十年💬 核心短语
at the age of在……岁时has yet to尚未，还没有look after照顾，照料in favour of有利于；赞成tend to往往会，倾向于in accordance with依照，按照📘 语法结构
被动语态（be + 过去分词）示例：This decline in vigour with the passing of time is called ageing.the + 比较级 ... the + 比较级 ...（越……越……）示例：We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes.让步状语从句（however + 形容词/副词）示例：Earlier, we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable; later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigour and resistance which, though imperceptible at first, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look after ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after us.38
▾Lesson 38 · Water and the traveller
19 句
📋 核心词汇
contamination污染sewage污水tap-water自来水intermittent间歇的suspect可疑的carbonated含碳酸的acidic酸性的disinfectant消毒剂sterilize消毒，灭菌ethanol乙醇concentration浓度bactericidal杀菌的negligible微乎其微的methylated甲基化的💬 核心短语
due to由于，因为even if即使regarded as被视为，被认为是make sure确保，设法保证relied upon依赖于，指望Beware of当心，提防📘 语法结构
被动语态（情态动词 + be + 过去分词）示例：Intermittent tap-water supplies should be regarded as particularly suspect.让步状语从句（Even if ...）示例：Even if a piped water supply is safe at its source, it is not always safe by the time it reaches the tap.同级比较（as + 形容词 + as）示例：Ice is only as safe as the water from which it is made, and should not be put in drinks unless it is known to be safe.39
▾Lesson 39 · What every writer wants
15 句
📋 核心词汇
confess承认destination目的地skeleton提纲，骨架discern辨明，认出fascination魅力，吸引力brushstroke一笔，笔触yeast酵母adolescent青少年interminably滔滔不绝地，没完没了地misunderstand误解bore令人厌烦的人undoing失败，毁灭talent才能，天赋judgment判断，评判💬 核心短语
set pen to paper动笔写作，落笔have little idea几乎没有头绪，不太清楚passes for被当作，被认为是heard of听说leading to导致，通向might as well不妨，倒不如📘 语法结构
定语从句（关系代词 whom / that 引导）示例：I have known very few writers, but those I have known and whom I respect, confess at once that they have little idea where they are going when they first set pen to paper.比较结构（more ... than ...）示例：A writer makes order out of the anarchy of his heart; he submits himself to a more ruthless discipline than any critic dreamed of, and when he flirts with fame, he is taking time off from living with himself, from the search for what his world contains at its inmost point.时间状语从句（not ... till ...）示例：A blurred image appears; he adds a brushstroke and another and it is gone, but something was there, and he will not rest till he has captured it.40
▾Lesson 40 · Waves
12 句
📋 核心词汇
signature印记，标记infinity无限，无穷energize激发，使有活力rhythm节奏transmit传送，传递catastrophic灾难性的crest波峰trough波谷orbit轨道undulating起伏的，波动的tremor震动gravitational引力的maturity成熟phenomenon现象💬 核心短语
the struggle between……之间的搏斗/斗争gives the impression of给人以……的印象in actuality实际上subject to受……制约，服从in the end最终，最后the gravitational pull of……的引力📘 语法结构
被动语态（be + 过去分词 + by）示例：The undulating waves of the open sea are generated by three natural causes: wind, earth movements or tremors, and the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun.让步状语从句（Although ...）示例：Although an ocean wave gives the impression of a wall of water moving in your direction, in actuality waves move through the water leaving the water about where it was.同级比较（the same ... as ...）示例：From both maturity to death, a wave is subject to the same laws as any other ‘living’ thing.41
▾Lesson 41 · Training elephants
21 句
📋 核心词汇
technique方法，技术tough强硬的，粗暴的gentle温和的resentful怨恨的mahout驯象师affection喜爱，感情subservient顺从的ticklish难办的，棘手的soothing抚慰的，舒缓的induce引起，诱发blandishment哄骗，奉承susceptible易受影响的captive被俘的companion同伴💬 核心短语
consists of包括，由……组成Apart from除……之外may well很可能taken with a grain of salt半信半疑地对待，不可全信with the aid of借助，在……帮助下susceptible to易受……影响，易被……打动📘 语法结构
定语从句（who 引导）示例：There are even stories of half-trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to death when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer.目的状语从句（so that）示例：It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its companions.被动语态（have been used）示例：Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle.42
▾Lesson 42 · Recording an earthquake
38 句
📋 核心词汇
slumber睡眠，打盹rigid坚硬的，僵直的ninepin九柱戏的木柱seismometer地震仪longitudinal纵向的transverse横向的wriggle扭动，蠕动legibly清晰地，易读地penholder笔架drum鼓，圆筒apparatus仪器，装置component成分，组成部分grain颗粒quake地震💬 核心短语
without warning毫无预警地for instance例如to and fro来回地from side to side左右地one after the other一个接一个learnt about了解到，得知📘 语法结构
虚拟条件句（If + 过去式，主句过去式）示例：If it were gentle, only the more unstable rods fell.强调句（It was ... that ...）示例：It was upon this principle that the first instruments were made, but the paper was wrapped round a drum which rotated slowly.目的/结果状语从句（so that）示例：With the hand held high in the air, hold the string so that the weight nearly touches the ground.43
▾Lesson 43 · Are there strangers in space?
21 句
📋 核心词汇
galaxy星系astronomer天文学家hydrogen氢interstellar星际的megacycle兆周rendezvous约会地点emit发射，发出frequency频率wander漫游，徘徊civilization文明orbit环绕运行messenger信使universe宇宙solar太阳的💬 核心短语
First of all首先bound to必定，一定come up against遇到，碰上（困难、障碍）picked up接收到；拾起let alone更不用说in the hope of抱着……的希望📘 语法结构
让步状语从句（Although ...）示例：Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets, that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.结果状语从句（so ... that ...，含倒装）示例：Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets, that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.现在分词短语作状语示例：Radio waves also travel at the speed of light, and assuming such an automatic messenger picked up our first broadcasts of the 1920's, the message to its home planet is barely halfway there.44
▾Lesson 44 · Patterns of culture
25 句
📋 核心词汇
moment重要性commonplace平常的，常见的aberrant反常的pristine纯洁的，原始的stereotype刻板印象vernacular本国语，方言accommodation适应，迁就incumbent有责任的proposition命题，主张preferential优先的，偏袒的termite白蚁nebula星云variant不同的，变体anthropology人类学💬 核心短语
as a matter of fact事实上the other way around恰恰相反no matter how无论多么first and foremost首先，首要的是take part in参加，参与held sway over支配，左右📘 语法结构
定语从句（that 引导，及省略关系代词）示例：The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.被动语态（现在完成时被动 have been + 过去分词）示例：The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed.强调句（It is ... that ...）示例：It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization.45
▾Lesson 45 · Of men and galaxies
27 句
📋 核心词汇
critical关键的，危急的phase阶段dispute争夺，争论ownership所有权subdue制服，征服drainage排水evolution进化latitude纬度inhabitant居民emphasize强调invade入侵destructive破坏性的convention习俗，惯例inject注入💬 核心短语
dealing with应付，处理compete with与……竞争It is well known that众所周知conceive of想象，设想suffice to足以capable of能够📘 语法结构
强调句（It is ... that ...）示例：It is only someone looking on from outside that can inject the dangerous thoughts.虚拟语气（would have been，表示与过去事实相反的假设）示例：20 or 30 pages of information handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925, would have been sufficient to change the course of world history.动名词（介词后接动名词）示例：Indeed, we lack practice and experience nowadays in dealing with primitive conditions.46
▾Lesson 46 · Hobbies
30 句
📋 核心词汇
spasm痉挛，突发futile徒劳的insinuate暗示，巧妙引入illumination启发，照亮recuperation恢复，休养sedulously勤勉地aggravate加重，恶化sustenance生计，食物caprice任性，反复无常satiation饱足，厌腻toil苦干trifling微不足道的banishing驱除vocation职业，使命💬 核心短语
catches hold of抓住，握住attended by伴随着，有……相伴at hand在手边，即将到来take an interest in对……产生兴趣As for至于，就……而言In vain徒劳，白费📘 语法结构
the + 比较级 ..., the + 比较级 ...（越……越……）示例：The stronger the will, the more futile the task.It is no use + 动名词示例：It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do.定语从句（whose 引导）示例：It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one.47
▾Lesson 47 · The great escape
31 句
📋 核心词汇
motive动机manoeuvre巧妙移动，操控myriad无数的hub轮毂paradox悖论，矛盾cynic愤世嫉俗者affluent富裕的chambermaid女服务员snobbery势利refinement精妙，高雅insularity狭隘，孤岛性cosmopolitan世界性的preponderance优势，多数itinerant流动者💬 核心短语
far from远非，远不是get away from摆脱，离开by no means决不，一点也不to hand在手边，触手可及objected to反对go hand in hand相伴而行，密切相关📘 语法结构
倒装结构（Not only ... but ...）示例：Not only are the means of arriving at the holiday paradise entirely within one's own command and keeping, but the means of escape from holiday hell (if the beach proves too crowded, the local weather too inclement) are there, outside--or, as likely, part of--the tent.让步状语（Granted ...）示例：Granted, a preponderance of Germans is a characteristic that seems common to most Mediterranean sites; but as yet there is no overwhelmingly specialized patronage.主语从句（Whether ... is hard to say）示例：Whether the remarkable growth of organized camping means the eventual death of the more independent kind is hard to say.48
▾Lesson 48 · Planning a share portfolio
19 句
📋 核心词汇
tipster提供内幕消息者fritter浪费，挥霍portfolio投资组合broker经纪人gilt金边证券convertible可转换债券sanguine乐观的disposition性情pedestrian平淡的，平庸的hostage人质mortgage抵押贷款pension养老金investor投资者aggressive进取的💬 核心短语
go about着手，做sorted out处理，理清recover from从……中恢复blessed with有幸拥有，具备decided on决定，选定spread your risk分散风险📘 语法结构
条件状语从句（if 引导）示例：But if you are a serious private investor, leave the Las Vegas mentality to those with money to fritter.宾语从句（that 引导）示例：We'll assume that you have sorted out the basics--like mortgages, pensions, insurance and access to sufficient cash reserves.情态动词 would 表示推测示例：In this case, you'd probably construct a portfolio with some shares (but not high risk ones), along with gilts, cash deposits, and perhaps convertibles or the income shares of split capital investment trusts.
48 课节772 句沉浸式逐句练习